Dear Readers,
A topic that often concerns cat owners is the selection of supplements to use when preparing raw meat meals for their cats. Questions such as: "Is it harmful to my cat if I use a plant-based oil?" or "I've heard that chemical additives are not easily absorbed or not absorbed at all – is that true?" come up frequently. Many questions also revolve around which supplement is appropriate in which situation.
You might wonder why a healthy cat would need supplements at all. One might assume that – similar to dogs – a balanced composition of various animal components would ensure sufficient supply of trace elements, vitamins, and minerals.
Unfortunately, it’s not that simple. Mice, as a prey animal, are unique in their nutrient density, which cannot be replicated adequately with conventional meat. Since cats have very specific nutritional needs, the missing nutrients must be provided separately.
This discussion is exclusively about the use of supplements for healthy cats. Cats with acute or chronic illnesses may have different dietary requirements. This should always be discussed with a veterinarian or animal nutritionist.
Here is an overview of possible (and necessary) nutritional supplements, along with their advantages and disadvantages:
Essential Vitamins for Cats
Vitamin A
Unlike humans, cats cannot convert the precursor of Vitamin A – beta-carotene – into Vitamin A. Therefore, it must be provided directly through food. The best option is fresh liver. This method of supplementation is the most natural way to supply cats with Vitamin A – as well as many other nutrients. Turkey liver contains significantly more Vitamin A compared to calf liver.
Cod liver oil is another option for supplementing Vitamin A. However, this should only be used by experienced raw feeders or after consulting a cat nutritionist. The dosage must be carefully calculated, as there is a risk of Vitamin D3 overdose if used excessively over time.
Alternatively, Vitamin A drops can be used, although they may contain additives such as peanut or soy-based oils, which could cause allergies in some cats.
Vitamin D3
This vitamin cannot be synthesized by cats and must be provided through food, just like Vitamin A. The best source for cats is Vitamin D3-rich fish, such as salmon (e.g., Atlantic salmon – Salmon salar, not to be confused with pollock), sprats, or rainbow trout. These fish can partially supplement Vitamin D3. However, the iodine content should be considered, and regular use of fish in raw meals should be reviewed by a nutritionist.
Some cats may reject fish entirely or have allergies. In such cases, sheep or lamb hearts can be added to meals, as they are also good sources of Vitamin D3.
Alternatively, Vitamin D3 tablets from a pharmacy can be finely crushed and mixed into the food. Standard tablets usually contain 500 IU. Dosage should be calculated by a cat nutritionist.
It’s important to note that fat-soluble vitamins like A, E, and D are not excreted via the kidneys in cases of overdose. They accumulate in the body, which can lead to health issues, particularly with excessive Vitamin D.
B-Vitamins
B-vitamins are often supplemented with brewer’s yeast, which also contains minerals and trace elements. However, brewer’s yeast has a high phosphate content and is low in Vitamin B1, Biotin, and Folic Acid. To meet the required levels of these vitamins, very large quantities would need to be fed, which is impractical. Additional supplementation of these three B-vitamins is recommended.
A Vitamin B complex can also be used to meet all requirements. However, some cats may reject these complexes due to their strong smell and taste.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E acts as a biological antioxidant, protecting body fats and lipids from free radical damage. Studies on rats suggest that even high doses are well tolerated, but the dosage should always match the cat’s needs.
Vitamin E is naturally found only in plant-based sources. Wheat germ oil is a common natural source, but it is best used only for healthy cats, as plant oils are not optimal for cats. Alternatively, Vitamin E tablets, powders, or drops can be used.
Fresh or dried wheat germ is not recommended for cats due to its purine and oxalate content, which can contribute to uric acid buildup and oxalate stone formation.
Important Minerals for Cats
Calcium
Calcium, along with phosphorus and Vitamin D3, is essential for bone metabolism. The recommended calcium-to-phosphorus ratio for cats is 1.1–1.2:1.
Calcium can be supplemented using eggshell powder, algae lime, calcium carbonate, or calcium citrate. Always consider the different calcium concentrations in these products.
Phosphorus
Meat naturally contains a high phosphorus content, so only small amounts may need to be added. Bone meal or dicalcium phosphate can also be used. Feeding bones should be limited, as excessive use may lead to constipation. Bones can be included in every third meal, with other supplements used in between.
Magnesium
BARF meals usually contain enough natural magnesium. If needed, still water with a high magnesium content can be used. Spirulina is another option, though its strong taste may lead to food rejection.
Potassium
Potassium and sodium are essential for cellular processes. A potassium-to-sodium ratio of 2.1:1 is recommended. Potassium should only be supplemented after consulting a veterinarian and checking blood levels.
Sodium
Sodium is important for electrolyte balance and metabolic processes. Rock salt or pure sea salt is preferred. Avoid salts with added iodine or fluoride.
Trace Elements for Cats
Iron
Iron is crucial for oxygen transport in the body. It can be provided naturally through fresh blood or as dried blood powder. Iron tablets can also be used, but they must not be enteric-coated and should be crushed before mixing into food.
Iodine
Cats get iodine from the thyroid glands of their prey. If dietary iodine is insufficient, supplements like seaweed powder or iodine tablets can be used.
Copper, Manganese, Selenium, Zinc
Liver and kidneys contain many trace elements, but cats often avoid kidneys. Supplements for these elements are available and should be used under guidance.
Essential Amino Acids for Cats
Taurine
Taurine is found in animal sources like meat and fish. Dark meat, turkey thighs, and hearts are rich in taurine but may not meet the full requirement. Green-lipped mussel powder or pure taurine powder can be used to supplement.
I hope this guide provides clarity on supplements for BARF meals for cats. For questions, feel free to reach out to me at petra.von.quillfeldt@ebarf.de.
Sincerely, Petra von Quillfeldt
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